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姜黄成全球铅中毒谜团元凶(2024) -- Turmeric is the culprit in a global lead poisoning mystery (2024)

文章摘要

全球铅中毒问题严重,尤其是低收入和中等收入国家的儿童,约8亿儿童受到铅污染的影响。在孟加拉国,一些农民为增加姜黄的吸引力,在姜黄中添加了含铅染料,导致铅污染问题加剧。环境流行病学家布鲁斯·兰菲尔称这是“世纪之罪”,呼吁关注铅污染的广泛影响。

文章总结

文章主要内容总结

标题: 你永远猜不到全球铅中毒谜案的罪魁祸首

主要内容:

  1. 全球铅中毒问题:

    • 全球约有8亿儿童受到铅中毒的影响,铅存在于家庭炊具、食物和空气中。根据联合国儿童基金会和非营利组织Pure Earth的数据,这几乎是中低收入国家一半的儿童。
    • 铅中毒对健康的影响极为严重,尤其是对大脑的损害,可能导致智商下降、认知衰退、注意力不集中和多动症等问题。
  2. 纽约与孟加拉国的铅中毒调查:

    • 纽约市健康部门的侦探Paromita Hore和斯坦福大学的学生Jenna Forsyth分别调查了纽约市孟加拉裔儿童和孟加拉国孕妇的铅中毒案例。
    • 纽约市的侦探们使用类似雷达枪的设备检测家庭中的铅来源,如老化的油漆、工厂或建筑工地的铅尘等。
    • Forsyth在孟加拉国调查时,发现孕妇血液中的铅含量异常高,经过多次排查,最终发现铅的来源是姜黄。
  3. 姜黄中的铅污染:

    • 在20世纪80年代,孟加拉国的姜黄农民为了增加姜黄的卖相,开始使用铅铬酸盐作为染料,使姜黄呈现出更鲜艳的黄色。
    • 这种做法在市场上取得了成功,但农民们并不知道铅对健康的危害。
    • Forsyth和她的团队通过检测发现,姜黄中的铅与孕妇血液中的铅具有相同的化学指纹,确认了姜黄是铅中毒的源头。
  4. 政府与社会的反应:

    • 2019年,孟加拉国食品安全当局与Forsyth和纽约市健康部门合作,采取了多项措施,包括发布公共警告、分发传单、举办研讨会等。
    • 同年,当局在达卡的主要香料市场进行了突击检查,没收了近2000磅含铅的姜黄,并对相关商家处以罚款。
    • 经过这些努力,姜黄中铅的检出率从47%降至0%,当地农民和孕妇的血液铅含量也显著下降。
  5. 全球铅中毒的持续挑战:

    • 尽管孟加拉国的姜黄铅污染问题得到了解决,但全球范围内铅中毒问题依然严重。Forsyth和她的团队在其他国家也发现了含铅的香料。
    • 铅酸电池、含铅的炊具、化妆品等仍然是铅中毒的主要来源。
    • 联合国儿童基金会和美国国际开发署(USAID)最近宣布了一项1.5亿美元的新倡议,旨在对抗铅中毒,并推动国际协调和政府的参与。

图片标记: - Image 1: lead and lead-free tumeric root - Image 2: Jenna Forsyth (left) runs the global lead initiative at Stanford School of Medicine. Paromita Hore oversees the New York City Health Department team that investigates lead poisoning. Every time you go on such a mission, “it is absolutely a lead detective mystery,” says Hore. - Image 3: Bright yellow turmeric roots stand out among other spices that retailers sell at Shyambazar, Bangladesh’s largest wholesale spice market. - Image 4:  Forsyth met with two women in Kishoreganj District to better understand their purchasing and cooking practices. - Image 5: Turmeric roots in Bangladesh colored with lead chromate to achieve a desirable yellow hue. - Image 6: A discarded plastic bag that was filled with lead chromate at a polishing mill in Bangladesh. Polishing makes the root look better -- and can involve using lead chromate to amp up the yellow hue that customers like. - Image 7: A copy of the Bangladesh Food Safety Authority’s 2019 flyer, stored under glass on Mohammad Mosharof Khokon’s desk. During the BFSA raid, he was compliant, but nervous that the machines used to scan his spices could be incorrect. Most of the flyers are now gone, and no other raids have been conducted. - Image 8

结论: 尽管在孟加拉国的姜黄铅污染问题得到了有效解决,但全球铅中毒问题依然严峻。Forsyth和她的团队以及其他专家们正在继续努力,寻找并消除铅污染的源头,以保护全球儿童的健康。

评论总结

评论主要围绕姜黄中的铅污染问题展开,观点多样,涉及检测方法、供应链责任、教育以及具体应对措施。以下是总结:

  1. 家庭检测需求

    • 评论1(loopdoend)希望有方法在家检测姜黄中的杂质。
    • 引用:“Wish there were some way to detect impurities like this at home.”
    • 评论6(LarsDu88)使用3M铅检测试剂盒测试了家中的姜黄,结果为阴性。
    • 引用:“I immediately tested the 5 year old Sadaf tumeric... Thankfully it came out negative!”
  2. 姜黄颜色与铅污染的关系

    • 评论2(vasusen)比较了印度农场和美国商店的姜黄,发现后者颜色更亮,担心可能含铅。
    • 引用:“I am was stunned by how much more duller, brownish-yellow it was compared to the turmeric I buy in Indian stores in the US.”
    • 评论5(ashwinsundar)建议购买整块姜黄自行研磨,因为铅铬酸盐在整块姜黄中更难隐藏。
    • 引用:“Take it home and grind it to powder... it's harder to hide the bright yellow lead chromate coloring.”
  3. 供应链责任与教育

    • 评论4(prairieroadent)认为应通过教育而非监管来提高食品供应链的透明度。
    • 引用:“there has to be a way for us as a society to introduce a level of accountability... without the burden of regulation.”
    • 引用:“if kids were provided with an actual education... the demand for on-demand food testing would go up.”
  4. 对媒体报道的质疑

    • 评论9(phendrenad2)认为NPR文章过于乐观,质疑问题是否会卷土重来。
    • 引用:“I think this NPR article is too quick to put a positive spin on this.”
    • 引用:“if you ascribe even the slightest but of agency to any of the non-Americans involved, you have to wonder if this problem will come back.”
  5. 具体污染来源与应对

    • 评论8(mandown2308)指出松散姜黄粉和抛光姜黄根是主要污染源,尤其是来自印度巴特那的姜黄。
    • 引用:“loose tumeric powder and polished tumeric root are the main 'culprits'.”
    • 引用:“Patna in Bihar is the major source of Lead-adulterated tumeric.”
  6. 国际援助的影响

    • 评论7(tomalpha)质疑美国国际开发署(USAID)的削减是否影响铅污染治理。
    • 引用:“I wonder if this has survived the recent cutbacks to USAID?”

总结:评论者普遍关注姜黄中的铅污染问题,提出了家庭检测、供应链责任、教育等多种解决方案,并对媒体报道的乐观态度表示质疑。